Planning Under Pressure. The Strategic Choice Approach Friend J., Hickling A
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- Annotation
- DEDICATION
- Contents
- Authors’ preface to the third edition
- CONTRIBUTIONS FROM OTHERS
- OTHER CHANGES
- A COMPANION WEBSITE
- A NEW FOREWORD
- Foreword to the third edition
- Authors’ preface to the second edition
- NEW DIRECTIONS
- OUR CONTRASTING EXPERIENCES
- EXPANDING NETWORKS
- Authors’ preface to the first edition
- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
- SHIFTING PRESSURES
- COMPLEMENTARITIES
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- Foreword to the first edition
- A quick access guide
- THE FIGURES
- THE STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK
- READING PRIORITIES
- LEARNING BY DOING
- THE WEBSITE
- 1 Foundations
- A PHILOSOPHY OF PLANNING
- THE CRAFT OF CHOOSING STRATEGICALLY
- 1 FIGURE
- 1 Planning Under Pressure: A View of the Realities
- ORGANISATIONAL CONTEXTS OF STRATEGIC CHOICE
- 3 Planning Under Pressure
- 4 Foundations
- DILEMMAS OF PRACTICE
- 2 Judgements of Balance in Strategic Choice
- FOUNDATIONS
- RESPONDING TO DIFFICULTY IN MAKING DECISIONS
- 3 Three Types of Uncertainty in Decision-Making
- FOUNDATIONS
- MANAGING UNCERTAINTY: A DYNAMIC VIEW
- 4 Opportunities for Managing Uncertainty through Time
- FOUNDATIONS
- INTERCONNECTED AGENDAS OF DECISION-MAKING
- INCREMENTAL PROGRESS IN PLANNING
- 5 Extending the Problem Focus
- FOUNDATIONS
- HUMAN SETTINGS FOR DECISION-MAKING
- 6 Two Contexts for Sequential Decision-Making
- Foundations
- MODES OF DECISION-MAKING
- 7 A Process of Simple Choice
- FOUNDATIONS
- CHALLENGES TO MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING NORMS
- 8 A Process of Strategic Choice
- FOUNDATIONS
- IMPLICATIONS FOR A TECHNOLOGY OF STRATEGIC CHOICE
- 9 A Structure for Subsequent Chapters
- STRUCTURE
- Foundations
- IMPLICATIONS FOR CHAPTER STRUCTURE
- 2 Working into problems
- INTRODUCTION
- 10 SOUTH SIDE
- EXAMPLE
- THE CONCEPT OF THE DECISION AREA
- 11 SOUTH SIDE
- EXAMPLE
- LINKS BETWEEN DECISION AREAS
- 12 SOUTH SIDE
- EXAMPLE
- THE DECISION GRAPH AS A REPRESENTATION OF PROBLEM
- STRUCTURE
- 13 SOUTH SIDE
- EXAMPLE
- THE CHOICE OF A PROBLEM
- FOCUS
- 14 SOUTH SIDE
- EXAMPLE
- The Concept of a Decision Option
- OPTIONS WITHIN DECISION AREAS
- The Concept of an Option Bar
- COMPATIBILITY OF OPTIONS IN INTERCONNECTED DECISION AREAS
- BUILDING UP AN OPTION GRAPH
- The Concept of an Option Graph
- GENERATING FEASIBLE DECISION SCHEMES
- The Concept of a Decision Scheme
- ANALYSING INTERCONNECTED DECISION AREAS: CONCLUDING
- REVIEW
- SOME EXERCISES
- Working into Problems
- South Side: Some Local Orientation
- BACKGROUND
- 3 Working towards decisions
- INTRODUCTION
- FORMULATING A SET OF COMPARISON AREAS
- The Concept of a Comparison Area
- The Concept of a Relative Assessment
- ASSESSING CONSEQUENCES WITHIN COMPARISON AREAS
- The Concept of an Advantage Comparison
- JUDGING COMPARATIVE
- ADVANTAGE BETWEEN ALTERNATIVES
- Planning Under Pressure
- Working towards Decisions
- RESTRICTING THE FOCUS FOR COMPARISONS AMONG DECISION
- SCHEMES
- The Concept of a Working Shortlist
- Working towards Decisions
- EXPLORING AREAS OF UNCERTAINTY
- The Concept of an Uncertainty Area
- The Concept of an Exploratory Option
- IDENTIFYING EXPLORATORY OPTIONS
- The Concept of an Action Scheme
- CHOICES IN THE TIMING OF DECISIONS
- Planning Under Pressure
- Working towards Decisions
- DEVELOPING A COMMITMENT PACKAGE
- The Concept of a Commitment Package
- Working towards Decisions
- CHOOSING INCREMENTALLY UNDER UNCERTAINTY
- Planning Under Pressure
- SOME EXERCISES
- Working towards Decisions
- South Side: Some Considerations of Scale
- BACKGROUND
- 4 Orientations
- BUILDING ON THE FOUNDATIONS
- REVIEW OF THE CORE CONCEPTS
- 28 A Vocabulary of Strategic Choice
- ORIENTATIONS
- TECHNOLOGY, ORGANISATION, PROCESS AND PRODUCT
- 29 Orientations and Guidelines in Strategic Choice
- Orientations
- ORIENTATIONS OF THE STRATEGIC
- CHOICE APPROACH
- Planning Under Pressure
- INTERPRETING THE ORIENTATIONS
- INTO MORE SPECIFIC GUIDELINES
- Orientations
- GUIDANCE IN TECHNOLOGICAL
- CHOICE
- 30 Technological Choice: Settings and Equipment
- Orientations
- GUIDANCE IN ORGANISATIONAL CHOICE
- 31 Organisational Choice: Levels of Response to Uncertainty
- Orientations
- 32 Process Choice: Opportunities for Movement Between Modes
- Orientations
- GUIDANCE IN PROCESS CHOICE
- 33 Product Choice: A Classification of Strategic Products
- Orientations
- 34 Technology, Organisation, Process and Product: An Interim Review
- ORIENTATIONS
- ORIENTATIONS OF STRATEGIC
- CHOICE: A GENERAL REVIEW
- 5 Skills in shaping
- INTRODUCTION
- Building up a Tentative List of Decision Areas
- APPROACHES TO BUILDING UP
- A SET OF RELEVANT DECISION AREAS
- Sorting Decision Areas by Categories and Levels
- Skills in Shaping
- SORTING DECISION AREAS BY CATEGORIES AND LEVELS
- REFORMULATING DECISION
- AREAS
- Refining the Expression of Decision Areas
- Skills in Shaping
- INTRODUCING LINKS BETWEEN DECISION AREAS
- Building up a Picture of Decision Links
- Skills in Shaping
- REARRANGING A DECISION GRAPH
- Rearranging a Decision Graph
- HIGHLIGHTING MORE SIGNIFICANT DECISION AREAS
- Highlighting More Significant Decision Areas
- SUPERIMPOSING ORGANISATIONAL
- RESPONSIBILITIES ON A DECISION
- GRAPH
- Superimposing Organisational Boundaries on a Decision Graph
- CONSIDERATIONS IN CHOICE OF A PROBLEM FOCUS
- Selecting Multiple Problem Foci
- SUMMARY: PROCESS
- JUDGEMENTS IN THE SHAPING
- MODE
- 43 Process Choices when Working in the Shaping Mode
- ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PRACTICE
- 44 Illustrations from Practice – Shaping 1
- 45 Illustrations from Practice – Shaping 2
- 46 Illustrations from Practice – Shaping 3
- Skills in Shaping
- 6 Skills in designing
- INTRODUCTION
- Testing the Range of Options within a Decision Area
- IDENTIFYING SETS OF OPTIONS
- WITHIN DECISION AREAS
- Reformulating Decision Areas with Composite Options
- Skills in Designing
- REFORMULATING DECISION AREAS CONTAINING COMPOSITE
- OPTIONS
- Recording Assumptions Underlying Option Bars
- RECORDING ASSUMPTIONS BEHIND THE INCLUSION OF OPTION BARS
- Introducing Multiple Option Bars
- Skills in Designing
- INTRODUCING MULTIPLE OPTION
- BARS
- Coalescing Closely Linked Decision Areas
- Skills in Designing
- COALESCING DECISION AREAS
- Estimating the Number of Feasible Decision Schemes
- Skills in Designing
- Altering the Sequence of Decision Areas in a Tree
- Skills in Designing
- ALTERING THE SEQUENCE OF DECISION AREAS IN A TREE
- Exploring Consistency Between Levels of Choice
- Skills in Designing
- EXPLORING CONSISTENCY BETWEEN LEVELS OF CHOICE
- Planning Under Pressure
- SUMMARY: PROCESS JUDGEMENTS IN THE DESIGNING MODE
- Skills in Designing
- 55 Process Choices when Working in the Designing Mode
- Skills in Designing
- ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PRACTICE
- 56 Illustrations from Practice – Shaping 1
- Skills in Designing
- 57 Illustrations from Practice – Shaping 2
- Skills in Designing
- 58 Illustrations from Practice – Shaping 3
- 7 Skills in comparing
- INTRODUCTION
- Developing a Set of Relevant Comparison Areas
- IDENTIFYING APPROPRIATE
- COMPARISON AREAS
- Building a Balanced Evaluation Framework
- Skills in Comparing
- DEVELOPING A BALANCED
- EVALUATION FRAME
- Planning Under Pressure
- APPROACHES TO THE COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES IN TERMS OF FLEXIBILITY
- Skills in Comparing
- Expressing Interchangeability in Policy Choice
- CHOICE OF METHOD OF ASSESSMENT WITHIN A COMPARISON AREA
- Uncovering the Elements in an Assessment Procedure
- Skills in Comparing
- EXPRESSING FEELINGS OF UNCERTAINTY WHEN ASSESSING ALTERNATIVES
- Eliciting Limits of Surprise
- Skills in Comparing
- Combining Advantage Judgements Across Comparison Areas
- Skills in Comparing
- COMBINING ADVANTAGE JUDGEMENTS ACROSS DIFFERENT
- COMPARISON AREAS
- Planning Under Pressure
- Skills in Comparing
- APPLYING CONSTRAINTS IN THE CHOICE OF A WORKING SHORTLIST
- Applying Constraints in Generating Decision Schemes
- Skills in Comparing
- SHORTLISTING ACROSS MULTIPLE COMPARISON AREAS
- Shortlisting Across Multiple Comparison Areas
- Skills in Comparing
- FURTHER EXTENSIONS IN COMPARING METHODS
- SUMMARY: PROCESS JUDGEMENTS IN THE COMPARING MODE
- 67 Process Choices when Working in the Comparing Mode
- Skills in Comparing
- ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PRACTICE
- Planning Under Pressure
- 68 Illustrations from Practice – Comparing 1
- 69 Illustrations from Practice – Comparing 2
- Skills in Comparing
- 70 Illustrations from Practice – Comparing 3
- Skills in Comparing
- 8 Skills in choosing
- INTRODUCTION
- Building up a Working List of Uncertainty Areas
- Skills in Choosing
- BUILDING A WORKING LIST OF UNCERTAINTY AREAS
- PUTTING UNCERTAINTY AREAS INTO A CLEARER DECISION
- PERSPECTIVE
- Placing Uncertainty Areas in a Decision Perspective
- Skills in Choosing
- RESTRUCTURING COMPOSITE UNCERTAINTY AREAS
- Reformulating Composite Uncertainty Areas
- Skills in Choosing
- Comparing Alternative Responses to Uncertainty
- Skills in Choosing
- ASSESSING EXPLORATORY OPTIONS WITHIN CRITICAL
- UNCERTAINTY AREAS
- RELATING EXPLORATORY ACTIONS TO THE TIMING OF DECISIONS
- Skills in Choosing
- Weighing Uncertainty against Urgency in Decision-Making
- Skills in Choosing
- ACCOMMODATING UNCERTAINTY BY PREPARING FOR ALTERNATIVE CONTINGENCIES
- Accommodating Uncertainty in the Future Decision Space
- Skills in Choosing
- MOVING TOWARDS THE DESIGN OF POSSIBLE COMMITMENT PACKAGES
- Building an Appropriate Commitment Package
- Skills in Choosing
- Helping Decision-Takers to Make Progress
- HELPING DECISION-TAKERS TO CHOOSE
- Planning Under Pressure
- Skills in Choosing
- PROCESS JUDGEMENTS IN THE CHOOSING MODE
- 79 Process Choices when Working in the Choosing Mode
- Skills in Choosing
- ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PRACTICE
- 80 Illustrations from Practice – Choosing 1
- Skills in Choosing
- 81 Illustrations from Practice – Choosing 3
- Skills in Choosing
- 82 Illustrations from Practice – Choosing 2
- Skills in Choosing
- 9 Practicalities
- TAKING STOCK
- Planning Under Pressure
- THE BASE OF EXPERIENCE
- SELECTIVITY AND ADAPTIVENESS: THE TOOLBOX ANALOGY
- CHOOSING TOOLS UNDER PRESSURE
- TECHNOLOGY: MANAGING THE OPEN TECHNOLOGY IN PRACTICE
- ORGANISATION: MANAGING INTERACTIVE PARTICIPATION IN PRACTICE
- 83 Management Checklist: Technology
- Practicalities
- 84 Organisational Responsibilities in Strategic Choice
- Practicalities
- Planning Under Pressure
- 85 Management Checklist: Organisation
- Practicalities
- PROCESS: MANAGING THE LEARNING PROCESS IN PRACTICE
- 86 Management Checklist: Process
- Practicalities
- PRODUCT: MANAGING INCREMENTAL PROGRESS IN PRACTICE
- 87 Recording and Interpretation in Strategic Choice
- Practicalities
- 88 Management Checklist: Products
- Practicalities
- 89 Strategic Choice as a Continuous Process
- PRACTICALITIES
- KEEPING IT SIMPLE
- 10 The electronic resource
- WHAT ROLE FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN STRATEGIC CHOICE?
- PROGRESS IN DESIGN OF SOFTWARE SUPPORT FOR THE STRATEGIC CHOICE APPROACH
- 90 Design of the STRAD 2 software
- DESIGN PRINCIPLES:
- WINDOWS OF ACCESS TO WORK IN THE FOUR MODES OF STRATEGIC CHOICE
- 91 Shaping and Designing with STRAD 2
- Designing
- Shaping
- The Electronic Resource
- EXTENDED TOOLS FOR SHAPING AND DESIGNING
- 92 Comparing and Choosing with STRAD 2
- Comparing
- Choosing
- The Electronic Resource
- EXTENDED TOOLS FOR COMPARING AND CHOOSING
- EXPERIENCES IN USING THE SOFTWARE
- SOFTWARE AS AN AID TO PROGRESS IN SMALL INFORMAL MEETINGS
- COMPUTER-AIDED CONSULTING
- STRAD AS AN INTERACTIVE LEARNING TOOL
- THE CHANGING SCENE: ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY, EXTENSIONS IN ACCESS
- IMPLICATIONS OF WIDENING TECHNOLOGY ACCESS FOR PARTICIPATORY DECISION-MAKING
- 11 Extensions in process management
- EXTENSIVE PARTICIPATORY PROJECTS AND THE STRATEGIC
- CHOICE APPROACH
- A TWIN-TRACK APPROACH
- 93 Linking Technical and Political Work
- POLICY WORK
- TECHNICAL WORK
- APPLYING THE CONCEPTS TO PROJECT PLANNING
- 94 Phasing Work in an Extensive Project
- THE EXTENDED ISCRA MODEL
- EXTENSIONS TO THE PROJECT ORGANISATION
- EXTENSIONS TO PROCESS MANAGEMENT SKILLS
- CREATING A CONTEXT FOR SUCCESS IN EXTENSIVE PROJECTS
- ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PRACTICE
- 95 Illustrations from practice: working with ISCRA
- Extensions in Process Management
- 12 Invention, transformation and interpretation
- ADAPTATIONS IN WORKING METHODS
- ENGAGING PARTICIPANTS IN IDENTIFYING ISSUES
- 96 Setting Levels of Choice
- TIME HORIZON GEOGRAPHIC AREA TARGET GROUP
- DIFFERENTIATING LEVELS OF CHOICE
- 97 A Common Grounding Table
- Homogenous Sub-Groups
- FACILITATING EXTENSIONS TO THE COMMON GROUND
- 98 An Elaborated Progress Package
- PROCESS CRITERIA FOR MANAGEMENT OF UNCERTAINTY
- NOTES ON THE PROCESS CRITERIA
- FRAMING A WAY FORWARD IN THE FACE OF UNCERTAINTY
- SECURING COMMITMENT TO ACTION PROPOSALS
- OPPORTUNITIES FOR SOCIO-TECHNICAL DESIGN
- CUSTOMISING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE APPROACH
- ADAPTING LANGUAGE TO CONTEXT
- INSIGHTS FROM OTHER LANGUAGES
- INVITING VIEWPOINTS FROM OTHERS
- Invention, Transformation and Interpretation
- ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PRACTICE
- 99 Illustrations from Practice: Carousel Techniques in Action
- 100 Illustrations from Practice: Building Common Ground
- 101 Illustrations from Practice: Use of Action Forms
- 102 Illustrations from Practice: Managing an Extensive Environmental Project
- 13 Learning from others
- LEARNING ABOUT PROCESS CHOICES
- ACTION LEARNING
- SELECTIVE READING
- LIST OF CONTRIBUTIONS
- THE NOTTING HILL CARNIVAL
- THE INITIAL WORKSHOPS
- A LATER INVITATION
- POSTSCRIPT
- CONCLUDING REFLECTIONS
- REFERENCES
- 13.2 Communicative Learning, Democracy and Effectiveness
- Facilitating private – public decision-making in Sweden
- BACKGROUND
- RESTRUCTURING A MUNICIPAL HOUSING MARKET
- DEVELOPMENT OF A REGIONAL AGENDA
- IMPLEMENTING LOCAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
- LESSONS ABOUT COMMUNICATIVE LEARNING
- LESSONS ABOUT EFFICIENCY
- LESSONS ABOUT DEMOCRACY
- CONCLUDING REFLECTIONS
- REFERENCES
- 13.3 Delving into the Toolboxes
- National environmental policy-making and strategic choice By Frans Evers
- INTRODUCTION
- THE SITUATION
- INTRODUCING THE APPROACH
- WORKING WITH LEVELS OF CHOICE
- A CHANGE OF DIRECTION
- THE RELEVANT QUESTIONS
- CONCLUDING REFLECTIONS
- 13.4 Less is More
- Controlling decision complexity when using strategic choice By Richard Ormerod
- THE SITUATION
- THE ASSIGNMENT
- MANAGING COMPLEXITY
- QUANTITATIVE SCORING IN EVALUATION
- EXTENSION OF THE PROGRESS PACKAGE
- CONCLUDING REFLECTIONS
- REFERENCES
- 13.5 Feet on the Ground
- Engaging planning students with political realities
- STRATEGIC CHOICE IN A PLANNING CURRICULUM
- RESPONSES FROM STUDENTS
- COMBINING COMPLEMENTARY APPROACHES
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
- 13.6 Designing Electronic Support
- Empowering decision-makers through software for strategic choice
- EARLY WORK ON STRAD
- CHALLENGES IN SOFTWARE DESIGN
- SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT AS A PROCESS OF STRATEGIC CHOICE
- KEEPING PACE WITH FURTHER TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE
- REFLECTIONS
- 13.7 Neighbourhood Renewal in Rome
- Combining strategic choice with other design methods
- OUR ‘IDEAL’ PROCEDURE
- THE PROCEDURE APPLIED WITHIN ROME
- THE REHABILITATION PLAN
- CONCLUDING REFLECTIONS
- 13.8 Fast Forward with Strategic Choice
- Mutual consulting for small enterprise development
- THE FAST PROJECT
- THE MUTUAL CONSULTING EXERCISE
- THE MUTUAL CONSULTING DAY EVALUATED
- THE PRESENTATION AND DEMONSTRATION DAY
- COMPUTER-AIDED FACILITATION REVIEWED
- FOLLOW UP THROUGH CONSULTING VISITS
- 13.9 The Plutonium Predicament
- Managing conflict through strategic action planning
- THE CHALLENGE
- CONFLICT AND UNCERTAINTY
- LEARNING AND NEGOTIATION
- STRATEGIC ACTION PLANNING (SAP)
- SCENARIO: USING Pu IN NEW FUEL RODS
- Analysis of results
- BACK TO THE ‘REAL WORLD’
- CONCLUDING REFLECTIONS
- 13.10 Dealing with the Dumps
- Using decision areas and levels in developing national policy
- THE PROJECT
- THE PROBLEM
- THE APPROACH
- CYCLIC WORKING
- TWO TYPES OF PARTICIPANT
- FOR THE FUTURE
- CONCLUDING REFLECTIONS
- 13.11 Cross-organisational Learning
- Sharing insights from managing major construction projects
- BACKGROUND
- THE COLA APPROACH
- LESSONS DRAWN
- POSTSCRIPT
- CONCLUDING REFLECTIONS
- REFERENCES
- 13.12 Capacity Building in Venezuela
- Using strategic choice methods with policy-makers and students
- INTRODUCING NEW APPROACHES TO PLANNING
- A PROJECT ON CAMPUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
- IDENTIFYING KEY DECISIONS
- BUILDING A FRAMEWORK OF COMPARISON
- RESULTS OBTAINED
- CONCLUSIONS
- 13.13 Differential Learning
- Managing different rates of progress between participants in extensive projects
- LEARNING AND OWNERSHIP
- MANAGING DIFFERENTIAL
- LEARNING AND SHARING OWNERSHIP
- Presentation of ideas
- Induction meetings
- A COMMUNICATION STRATEGY
- CONCLUDING REFLECTIONS
- 13.14 Building Commitment in a Rural Community
- Use of commitment packages in empowerment through information technology
- INTRODUCTION
- AN INITIAL STRATEGY WORKSHOP
- THE LAN AND INTERNET USE
- PROJECT
- ACTION RESEARCH WORKSHOPS
- CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 13.15 Commitment is the Key
- Building inter-agency agreement over the future of an historic estate
- THE PROJECT
- BEFORE THE WORKSHOP
- A TWO-DAY MULTI-AGENCY WORKSHOP
- AFTER THE WORKSHOP
- EVALUATION OF ‘WORKING TOGETHER’
- CONCLUDING REFLECTIONS
- 14 The developmental challenge
- MAPPING THE CHALLENGES AHEAD
- 103 Mapping the Developmental Challenge: A Semi-Structured Checklist
- The Developmental Challenge
- DRAWING LESSONS TOGETHER: APPLICATION AND FACILITATION
- DRAWING LESSONS TOGETHER: METHODOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION
- FOUNDATIONS FOR FURTHER
- PROGRESS: SPONSORSHIP AND TECHNOLOGY
- QUESTIONS FOR DEEPER
- RESEARCH: CONVERGENCE OR DIVERGENCE IN APPROACHES?
- THE DEVELOPMENT OF DECISIONS: AN EMERGENT DOMAIN OF THEORY?
- CONNECTING LOCAL AND BROADER PERSPECTIVES ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
- EMPOWERING FUTURE
- DECISION-MAKERS
- MAKING USE OF OUR COMPANION WEBSITE
- FURTHER READING: GENERAL
- FURTHER READING: LANGUAGES OTHER THAN ENGLISH
- WIDER READING
- Access to Further Information
- Bibliography
- Index
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